Mexico

Historical Event that Happend in Mexico

1810–1821 Mexico Fights for Independence In 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla calls for Mexico's independence from Spain, spurring a series of revolts across the country that becomes known as the Hidalgo rebellion. The rebellion fails, but fighting continues. Meanwhile, the United States and Spain are locked in a debate over the border between their territories. In 1819, the Adams-Onis Treaty, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, draws a definitive border between Spanish land and the Louisiana Territory. The United States cedes California, New Mexico, Texas, and territory that will become the states of Arizona, Nevada, and Utah to Spain; it also agrees to pay U.S. citizens' land claims against Spain up to $5 million. In 1821, Mexico gains independence from Spain under the Treaty of Cordoba.

Texas Seeks Independence From Mexico Migration is the root of the first dispute between the United States and Mexico. In 1830, Mexico prohibits immigration to Texas from the United States in an effort to stem the influx of English-speaking settlers. Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna tries to enforce the law by abolishing slavery and enforcing customs duties. In March 1836, Santa Anna is taken prisoner and signs a treaty recognizing the independence of Texas.

U.S. President Franklin Pierce purchases thirty thousand square miles of land along the Mesilla Valley, which runs from California to El Paso, Texas, for $10 million. He plans to use the land for a transcontinental railroad to the Pacific Ocean. The Gadsden Purchase, as it becomes known, also resolves an outstanding border dispute between Mexico and the United States, and marks the last adjustment to the border between the two countries.

Labor shortages in the United States lead railway companies to recruit Mexicans after the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 halts immigration from China. Meanwhile, inspection stations are set up at ports of entry along the southern border. In 1904, the first U.S. border patrol is established to stop Asian workers from circumventing border controls and entering through Mexico. Historians estimate that more than sixteen thousand Mexicans were working on the railroads by the early 1900s, representing as much as 60 percent of the U.S. railway labor force at the time.

AMLO wins the presidency on his third attempt, representing the National Regeneration Movement, or MORENA, a broad left-wing coalition. He promises to improve public security and reduce violence, tackle corruption, and address inequality. He also seeks to reverse many of Pena Nieto's reforms to the energy sector—which allowed for expanded foreign investment—in the name of "energy sovereignty." AMLO vocally opposes Trump's efforts to build a border wall and his zero-tolerance border policy, but the two leaders nonetheless forge close economic and political ties over the next few years, including a shared desire to reduce the flow of migrants from Central America. In 2019, Mexico surpasses Canada and China to become the United States' top trading partner, with bilateral trade totaling $615 billion